Light scattering in the ocean is described by the Volume Scattering Function (VSF). This is an Inherent Optical Property (IOP) characterizing how light is scattered at different angles in water. For oceanographers, in situ measurements of the VSF are...
As cities grow and landscapes transform, the effects of urbanization ripple far beyond skylines and traffic patterns. An often overlooked consequence is the increase in suspended sediment concentration in nearby rivers, lakes, and coastal waters. This...
When we think of pollution in our rivers, lakes, or oceans, we often picture oil slicks or floating plastic bottles. But suspended sediment is an important agent that must not be overlooked. Suspended sediment can act like a vehicle for pollutants, carrying...
Primary Producers are the organisms that in general convert inorganic materials (e.g., phosphate) into organic matter (e.g. lipids) through photosynthesis. In the aquatic realm, the dominant primary producers are the phytoplankton[1]. Primary Production...
Bubbles in water are studied intensively. For modeling and measurement purposes it is sometimes assumed that bubbles are spherical, but this is only true up to a certain size: When the hydrostatic pressure difference from top to bottom of the bubble is...