As cities grow and landscapes transform, the effects of urbanization ripple far beyond skylines and traffic patterns. An often overlooked consequence is the increase in suspended sediment concentration in nearby rivers, lakes, and coastal waters. This...
In the underwater world, visibility is everything. Whether it’s a diver navigating murky waters, an autonomous vehicle scanning the seafloor, or a naval operation relying on optical sensors, understanding how light behaves underwater is critical. A...
When designing a transmissometer or a laser diffraction-based sensor for particle size analysis, an important consideration is the beam acceptance angle. A transmissometer will measure a – generally small – portion of the forward scattered light:...
Light scattering in the ocean is described by the Volume Scattering Function (VSF)—an Inherent Optical Property (IOP) that describes how light is scattered at different angles in water. For oceanographers, in situ measurements of the VSF are essential...
In the remote, frigid and – often – ice-covered waters of the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean, complex interactions between physical, chemical, and biological processes shape global climate and marine ecosystems. Scientists use a comprehensive...